Frame Analysis of Merck

The occasions that Merck experienced in the mid 1990s have brought the organization under extreme monetary and political weight. Overseen Care Organizations (MCOs) brought down the costs of medications since they dealt with tranquilize costs and alone represented 75% of medication buys. Conventional substitutes put more focus on the pharmaceutical business. Notwithstanding the appointment of President Bill Clinton in 1992, who applied political weight on the high overall revenues of pharmaceutical organizations and their supposed commitment to runway U.S. social insurance costs. Merck CEO, Vagelos around then, started a progression of activities to adjust the organization to the compelling conditions. The tremendous outside weight made a feeling of vulnerability and uncertainty which is best clarified through the political edge. Vagelos activities exhibited the intensity of the political casing which is shown by his firmwide cost-cutting effort. He additionally slanted to lay off his workers by his oversaw headcount and cut every single waste technique. Vagelos applied a basic demonstration by moving the corporate central command from its notable home in New Jersey to a 30 lush grounds close Whitehouse Station. The old headquarter was close by the organization research and assembling offices, however the new site was only corporate and segregated from the organization's different divisions.  This move has end of the week the feeling of family and relationship through the human asset outline. In spite of the fact that, Vagelos asserted a human asset face to make another corporate culture to set up the organization to address outer difficulties, yet his demonstrations discussed force and strife through the political casing. The political edge made more disarray for Merck representatives particularly after Vagelos name Richard Markham as leader of the organization, who surrendered following a half year leaving the organization in more disarray. The nonattendance of the human asset and the emblematic casings has made assurance of organization workers diminishing and there was a discernment that Merck was losing its way as an organization. Points of interest and Disadvantages to Merck Points of interest for the political edge are the act of intensity in face of vulnerability and disarray. In any case, the political casing made more disarray and the feeling of group was lost. Points of interest of the human asset outline expands on the feeling of family and solid connections to grasp the organization for applied weight. The benefits of the emblematic casing are capacity to deal with intricate and questionable states of the organization. Assessment of Gilmartin Performance in Creating Change: Gilmartin has presented such a great amount of progress in Merck to empower the organization to endure monetary and political outside weights. His exhibition would be assessed in this area utilizing the keys to an effective change presented by Tucker in 1995. The accompanying items should be plainly recognized: need, goals, cooperation, expansive rules, subtleties by gathering, advantages of progress, and giving prizes. From the outset the need to change is recognized at Merck to be started by the expanding monetary and political weight that was forced on the organization during 1992-1993. The change outside the organization flagged change inside Merck. The organization system and association was convincing particularly after the flight of CEO Roy Vagelos. The goals of this change were to build organization deals, and incomes, increment assurance, build up an ability to know east from west for the organization for what's to come. Rules of the change were to keep up the built up high moral standard of the organization while building up the custom of logical greatness through a cross work.. Support in the change was primarily administrated by the gatherings that keep up the organization; its workers and the executives, notwithstanding investors. The advantages of this change were to accomplish the destinations referenced in the past area. Notwithstanding expanded income and built up an ability to read a compass for the future to come. Awards for this change were given to employees’ because of their positive perspective on Merck. Representatives were likewise satisfied with the advancement Merck had on the executives preparing and administration improvement. Representatives were additionally satisfied with the their much evolved correspondence among understudies. The method of reasoning for my investigation considered the political and financial weights applied on the organization notwithstanding diminishing pay and income pressures which made the requirement for the examination. Targets focused on the improvement of the underlying status presented.â Guidelines were the particular way Gilmartin followed to accomplish his objectives.â Participation brought up the influenced or taking an interest components that would be changed. The advantages picked up from this change are, best case scenario when they coordinate the targets or even beat what was normal as the result of progress. Prizes are the advantages to members. Partners of the Recall of Vioxx: The 2004 Merck declaration concerning its reviewing of the joint inflammation medication; Vioxx, has caused the organization stock to diminish by 27% on the next day. In 2005, Merck has put aside $685 million for Vioxx’s lawful safeguard for in excess of 11,000 cases. The inside and outer partners are: Patients taking Vioxx, the United States Food and Drug Administration, Merck ; Company Shareholders, and other pharmaceutical firms. Negative Impact of Vioxx Recall: The potential negative effect of the review of Vioxx, the best item dispatch in the historical backdrop of Merck is multi-sided to incorporate numerous misfortunes. The budgetary misfortunes were assessed to be 10% of absolute expected deals every year which adds up to $2.5 billion every year (Appleby ; Matt 2004). The monetary misfortune is further to be expanded by the huge number of claims documented against the organization. In any case, the intense lawful system that Merck took to battle each individual Vioxx claim dependent upon the situation is required to hose the impact of litigation.â Merck acknowledges to take the expense of one billion dollars in case charge as opposed to open the entryway for settlements which would be decimating with the passageway of thousands of new claims. Merck trusts that the cat-and-mouse game would make numerous offended parties chill out. The notoriety of Merck likewise continued incredible harm. It is accepted that Vioxx is answerable for some terrible wellbeing results. Merck is appeared to think about business with less uprightness towards making the wisest decision for its clients.  However, it is the notoriety of Merck comparative with other pharmaceutical company’s that truly decides the degree of harm to Merck’s notoriety. In response to the expanding financial and political weights on Merck, Vagelos ought to have followed a mix of emblematic and human asset edge to all the more likely activate the organization to continue the experienced weights. He ought to have based on the forceful feelings and connections between organization representatives who were created during the organization brilliant age 1992-1993. He additionally could have clung to his supposed emblematic edge and made an image for the organization to hold fast to until tough situations have gone through. Proposal to Merck: It is suggested that Merck interest the advancement of new items to compensate for the lessening in all out deals that came about because of the review of Vioxx. The organization ought to likewise improve its notoriety inside the pharmaceutical business through the contribution in various moral exercises to the network. Merck could restore its notoriety by censuring the FDA for not reviewing the medication in the wake of learning of Vioxx’s dangers. Merck could work with FDA to change its endorsement procedure to guarantee the security of future medications. References Appleby, J. and Matt, K. (2004). Merck gauges $2.5B sway from pulling Vioxx plug. USA Today Posted 9/30/2004 got on October 15, 2007 from http://www.usatoday.com/cash/businesses/wellbeing/drugs/2004-09-30-merck-cover_x.htm Â

Management Theory and Practices for Volkswagen Group Case Study

Question: Examine about theManagement Theory and Practices for Volkswagen Group. Answer: Presentation The Volkswagen Group of organization otherwise called the Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, is Germany based worldwide organization that produces automotives. The Headquarter of the workplace is at Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany where from the organization serves around the world. As referenced by Reitze (2016), the organization manages the structuring, assembling and dispersing of the traveler and business vehicles, turbo machines, motors, cruisers and other such automotives. The organization likewise offers numerous administrations identified with the automotives including the administrations like renting, financing and armada the executives. Volkswagen Group of organization is the second biggest organization on the planet in the field of automotives after the Toyota Company (Baur, 2015). The normal number of engine vehicles created by the organization in the year 2015 was around 9.93 million and for around two decades straight, has kept up the biggest piece of the overall industry in Europe. The yearly income of the organization is above 213.292 billion. In the rundown of the world biggest organizations by Fortune Global 500 in the year 2016, the organization positioned seventh (Brooks, 2016). The Volkswagen Group of organizations sells cruiser under the brand Ducati and traveler vehicles under Bugatti, Audi, Porsche, Lamborghini, Volkswagen Marques and Skoda. The business vehicles are sold by the organization under the brand MAN, Neoplan and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. The Volkswagen Company which has such colossal market measures, high yearly income and acclaim is in news due to the instance of undermining the diesel discharge test. The Volkswagen Company walked with the Squadron of Audi TDI models on Washington and it additionally advanced the Clean Diesel as an option in contrast to the electric and the cross breed vehicles. Considerably after this the organization stewed in on its own harmful fumes from the vehicles (Ewing, 2015). In this examination the organization Volkswagen Group which has been in the news for as long as two years, has been taken to show the Ethical situation that was looked by the association during the outflow embarrassment that as looked by the organization is the year 2015. The two of the administrative ideas have been applied to fundamentally break down this moral situation of the Volkswagen Company. The connection between the authority, morals and the dynamic of the Volkswagen has been assessed fundamentally. In the end some portion of the investigation, a reflection has been given on the manners in which that may guarantee the pioneers on the choices that are made on the morals of the organization. As indicated by Barrett et al. (2015) on the September eighteenth, 2015, the Volkswagen Emission Scandal came to see when it was discovered that the organization purposefully had modified the TDI (Turbo Charged Injection) to get dynamic some particular emanation controls just during the hours of outflow testing of the research facility. US Environmental Protection Agency at that point gave a letter of viciousness of the Clean Air Act to the Volkswagen Group Company. This outflow programming was introduced by the Volkswagen in about 0.5 million vehicles in U.S. itself and 10.5 million vehicles around the world (Griggs-Hall, 2015). The novel parameters of the pattern of discharge drive set by the Environmental Protection Agency are permitted to be detected by the organization due to the outflow programming that is introduced in the vehicles. As expressed by Goel (2015), this product used to detect when the vehicle was being tried and in like manner it actuated the supplies that lessens the emanations. In any case, while the vehicle was utilized during the normal drive, the product used to turn down and this would bring about increment of discharges that was far above than as far as possible would permit. Because of this during the test mode the vehicles that are tried are completely objection and all the outflow levels are satisfactory (Lane, 2016). In any case, during the typical drive time the product changes to another mode that changes the fuel pressure, distribution of the fumes gas, infusion time and the measure of urea liquid that is showered in the fumes. During this method of the product high intensity of mileage is conveyed to the vehicle yet with that there is likewise elevated level discharge of nitrogen oxide (NOx), which a sort of exhaust cloud that is chiefly answerable for lung disease. This discharge of the nitrogen oxide is around multiple times higher than the ordinary government limit (Blackwelder et al., 2016). In the year 2015, the International Council on Clean Transportation discovered in an examination that there was a disparity between the US and the European models of the vehicles charged. At that point various gatherings of research bunches were set up for the discovery of the case (Thompson Kottasova, 2015). The discovery of this control of the discharge of the nitrogen oxide gas was identified by the gathering of five analyst researchers at the West Virginia University. These researchers identified the extra outflow of nitrogen oxide in 2 out of 3 considerations during the live streets test. At that point two additional information related on the discoveries were bought by the International Council on Clean Transportation from two different sources. After that with the assistance of Portable Emission Measurement System Systems the information bought and the tests information were produced and the outcomes and the discoveries were then submitted to the California Air Resources Board s. Because of this the Volkswagen at that point turned into the objectives for numerous examinations that were held in the various nations worldwide and the entire instance of the discharge misrepresentation done by the Volkswagen came into general visibility. Thusly the cost of the load of the organization began falling inside the days after the breakout of the news (Geddes, Lindebaum, Gabriel, 2016). As indicated by Zhang et al. (2016) it was discovered that there were likewise extraordinary higher specialists of the organization who were engaged with this outrage. The CEO of the Volkswagen Group, Martin Winterkorn was discovered to be the primary offender and subsequently he needed to leave. There was contribution of others too, for example, Heinz-Jakob Neusser, the leader of the brand advancement of the organization, Ulrich Hackenburg and Wolfgang Hatz, the specialist and improvement head at the Porsche. These individuals were suspended as an outcome of the embarrassment brought about by them (Bovens, 2016). To redress this mix-up of discharge issues, the Volkswagen Company wanted to burn through 16.2 billion on refitting the influenced vehicles (Volkswagen, 2016). This outrage anyway raised the mindfulness about the more significant level of contamination that is being transmitted by the vehicles worked by various anger of vehicle producers and in the live street driving would most likely surpass the legitimate outflow limits. The instance of the Volkswagen Scandal, on the opposite of the supervisors obligation centers around the perspective of the CEO of the organization during the hour of the outrage, Martin Winterkorn.. Nonetheless, the moral predicament that won in the organization during the hour of the outrage development and it got known to open, centers around the various reasons and activity because of which there was an embarrassment in the organization (Babalola et al., 2016) The primary moral quandaries of the Volkswagen Company that lead to the outrage centers around that if to utilize or not to utilize the innovative information on the product with the goal that the organization could get a preferred position of it that is to swindle the natural test so it could sell more vehicles. This bit of leeway that the organization got from the cheat programming gadget doesn't just profit the organization yet in addition unwittingly benefits its clients as well. The vehicles that transmit low carbon have lower charge evaluations than the vehicles that emanate more and significant level carbon and nitrogen oxides. Be that as it may, in the entire outrage of the Volkswagen the organization has demonstrated its CEO to be a definitive answerable for the activities and before the moral problem of the organization would be investigated, the various gatherings that are engaged with this difficulty are required to be distinguished. These gatherings are the Volkswagen Co mpany and its representatives, the natural testing organization, the clients and the locals of the nation, who are additionally in a roundabout way affected by the outrage in light of the fact that the air that is impacted by the emanation influenced them likewise (Zhou, 2016). The motivation behind why the organization Volkswagen actualized the tricking programming gadget isn't found out yet on the opposite a couple of reasons might be recognized behind it, for example, possibly the organization required selling more vehicles, to contend in the market and to make benefit. All these might be a defense for this activity of the organization as cheating of the ecological test would prompt this preferences as it were. The fundamental moral test for any of the pioneer in todays world are to take choices and fascinate itself in exercises that set forward the personal responsibility of the organization (moral pride), to be socially capable (utilitarianism) and to accomplish more prominent benefits so it could undoubtedly rival the associations in the market (Kantian morals) and that too without slighting or disparaging some other partners and people (Cavico Mujtaba, 2016). This implies the entirety of the pioneers prerequisite and the objectives could be accomplis hed by them yet that must be managed without harming anybody elses estimations and ethics. The CEO and different pioneers of the Volkswagen Company neglected to finish this moral test. Be that as it may, it actualized the human of increasing increasingly more benefit, in the process it cheated and slighted the countrys security and ecological rules. The primary misstep that the Volkswagen made was to submit such a botch of in regard to its corporate administration with a certainty that it might do this without being gotten. The job of the pioneers of the association is to lead different workers, inspire them and to demonstrate the best approach to them. He requires showing its representatives and the others of the association that working and taking activities as per the profound quality of the business would benefi

2018 Top 50 Undergraduate Professors Ozias Moore, Lehigh University

2018 Top 50 Undergraduate Professors: Ozias Moore, Lehigh University by: Andrea Carter on November 13, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 828 Views November 13, 2018Ozias MooreAssistant Professor of ManagementLehigh University, College of Business and EconomicsFor Lehigh University management professor Ozias Moore, academic research centers on team dynamics. Think team composition, multi-teaming, team decision-making, and related topics. With his acute understanding of these areas of organizational behavior and human resource management, Professor Moore’s classroom becomes a living testament to what he studies.â€Å"On the first day of his Organizational Behavior class, he emphasized the fact that his classroom and office settings are places of what he likes to call ‘psychological safety,’† one student recalls. â€Å"He is extremely conscious of allowing every and anyone to share their opinions without fear of being judged negatively.† Says another, â⠂¬Å"Each student was treated like a colleague of his in the professional world.† Described as energetic and approachable, Moore helps students connect theory to practice, with projects studying real problems in real organizations and having practicing professionals in class so students can hear how organizational behavior translates to applications in workplaces such as Deloitte. This year he won Lehigh’s student-nominated Award for Teaching Excellence.Age: Young at heart   Education: PhD in Human Resource Studies, Cornell University; MS in Human Resource Studies, Cornell University; MSE in Technology Management, University of Pennsylvania; BS in Business Administration, University of PittsburghAt current institution since: 2016List of courses you currently teach: Managing and Leading People in Organizations (Organizational Behavior) Twitter handle: @OziasMooreWhat professional achievement are you most proud of? In 2016, I was awarded the Cornell University Provost Fe llowship and the Lee Hakel â€Å"Top-Rated† Graduate Student Scholarship by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology for my research on Multiple Team Membership. More recently, I received the 2018 Lehigh University College of Business and Economics Teaching Excellence Award.â€Å"I knew I wanted to be a business school professor when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When I was a master’s student at University of Pennsylvania, I also worked as a graduate research assistant. I loved this experience and it changed my career direction. Additionally, I went to the PhD Project conference for prospective doctoral students, learned more about pursuing a career as a Business School Professor, and walked away knowing it was the path for me.â€Å"One word that describes my first-time teaching† Electrifying   What are you currently researching and what is the most significant discovery youve made from it? In general, my research provides much needed theoretical clarificatio n, important empirical evidence, and practical implications on the phenomenon of multiple team membership (MTM). I focus particularly on how emergent states mediate the effects of MTM on team outcomes. Thus far, the most interesting implications of this research are that not only does MTM negatively impact team performance and individual member reactions but also that the MTM configuration makes a difference. Although theoretically important, the practical implications should not be overlooked. For example, my multi-level approach should draw managers’ attention to the enabling conditions associated with multi-teaming effectiveness. What is your most memorable moment as a professor? I was very touched when votes from my undergraduate students resulted in receiving the 2018 Lehigh University College of Business and Economics Teaching Excellence Award.Since you first started teaching, how has business education changed? Greater emphasis is now placed on developing community-eng aged learning pedagogies that will simultaneously provide students with hands-on experience and impact the public good. â€Å"If I weren’t a business school professor, I would be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I would own a management consulting firm or practice law as an intellectual property attorney. â€Å"Here’s what I wish someone would’ve told me about being a professor† Explained the art and importance of knowing when to say â€Å"no† and how to say â€Å"no.† Name of the professor you most admire and why: This is a tough question to answer. I have and continue to be blessed by so many incredible professors and mentors who inspire, encourage, and support me including my former PhD advisor, Brad Bell and undergraduate finance professor, Vijay Gondhalekar.What do you enjoy most about teaching undergraduate business students? Given that undergraduates are making decisions that launch life-long careers, I feel extremely fortunate to play positive a role in their intellectual journey. I enjoy most their intellectual curiosity, creativity, diverse range of perspectives, energy, and fearless ambition.   What’s the biggest challenge? Over the course of the semester, my greatest challenge is helping students learn how to manage critical team processes such as conflict resolution, social loafing, psychological safety, and building trust; thus, creating high-performing teams. What is the most impressive thing one of your undergraduate students has done? Wow, there are too many to name one. I am most impressed when former students cannot wait to share with me how my course or advice helped to make a positive difference in their summer internships, careers, and overall ability to engage in thorough problem analysis. What is the least favorite thing one has done? One student violated the code of academic integrity by cheating on his/her final exam.Since you’ve been teaching, how have students changed over the years? I now see a more diverse body of students, stronger collaborations with alumni, global industry partners, and the local community.What does a student need to do to get an A in your class? Actively participate in class discussions by thoughtfully integrating concepts and sharing new insights. The outstanding student not only understands the key organizational behavior theories but also applies evidence-based analysis to real-world situations and business problems. â€Å"When it comes to grading, I think students would describe me as †¦Ã¢â‚¬  transparent (with clear expectations) as well as challenging, but fair. If your teaching style/classroom experience had a theme song, what would it be? â€Å"We Are the Champions† by Queen Using just one word, describe your favorite type of student: MotivatedUsing just one word, describe your least favorite type of student: Disengagedâ€Å"If my students can  think critically and be willing to take calculated risks, then I’ve done my job as their professor.†Ã‚  Fun fact about yourself: I made it to the third-round audition for The Apprentice, a reality television game show.What are your hobbies? I love to travel and attend cultural events.How did you spend your summer? I worked on a revise and resubmit, engaged in ongoing research projects, presented at the Academy of Management Annual Conference, and took a short vacation.   Favorite place to vacation: Martha’s Vineyard Favorite book: So many. I love to read. I find reading motivational books a great way to reflect on my goals. A few that I tend to reread: The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, The Power of Positive Thinking by Norman Vincent Peale, and The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement by Eliyahu M. Goldratt. Favorite movie and/or television show: Men of Honor, starring Robert De Niro and Cuba Gooding, Jr.Favorite type of music and/or favorite artist: Neo SoulBucket list item #1: To walk on the moon.What’s the biggest challenge facing business education at the moment? The greatest challenge is in developing and implementing strategies to increase faculty diversity in business schools. â€Å"If I had my way, the business school of the future would have much more of this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Challenging students to apply their critical thinking and problem-solving skills to address the most pressing local and global business issues.â€Å"And much less of this† Students can be obsessed with and stressed about their grades instead of focusing their energies on the learning process and how that and their ideas can impact the world around them. Looking ahead 10 years from now, describe what â€Å"success† would be like for you? In short, I would describe personal success as contributing to the advancement of theory, the betterment of society, and seeing my former students as successful business leaders. Page 1 of 11

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My Interview with a Jewish Friend Essay examples - 2067 Words

Introduction of the religion The religion I decided to do this interview on is Judaism. I have always been interested in this religion and was ready to learn more. One of the three great monotheistic world religions, Judaism began as the faith of the ancient Hebrews, and its sacred text is the Hebrew Bible, particularly the Torah. Fundamental to Judaism is the belief that the people of Israel are Gods chosen people, who must serve as a light for other nations. God made a covenant first with Abraham, then renewed it with Isaac, Jacob, and Moses. The worship of Yahweh (God) was centered in Jerusalem from the time of David. The destruction of the First Temple of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (586 BC) and the subsequent†¦show more content†¦These are things that all Jews share. 3. What different methods of worship does your religion practice? Answer: Traditionally, Jews use certain rituals on a daily basis, too. Some of these are: putting on the Tallit (a prayer shawl) and Tefillin (phylacteries, which are small leather boxes containing verses from the Bible that remind Jews of their duties—one worn on the forehead and one on the arm), praying three times a day, and keeping the dietary laws called Kashrut. 4. Is there a particular day you practice these methods of worship? Answer: Yes of course. Jews have long revered Shabbat, the Sabbath, as a â€Å"taste of the world to come,† a time of rest, of peace, and of contentment. From sundown on Friday night until sundown on Saturday night, observant Jews set aside time to pray and study—a day to refrain from work and everyday cares. 5. What is your place of worship called? 6. What are the important holidays and traditions of this religion? Answer: Yes a few are: the high holy days, sukkot, hannukkah, pesach, the omer period, Shavuot, and tishah. 7. How has religion shaped your life? Answer: Of course it has. Being Jewish is what I am. 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Cerebral Palsy Essay Example For Students

Cerebral Palsy Essay Cerebral Palsy is a range of neuromuscular disorders caused by injury to an infants brain sustained during late pregnancy, birth, or any time during the first two years of life. People with cerebral palsy have a wide range of difficulties, from a clumsy walk to an inability to speak or swallow, caused by faulty messages sent from the brain to the muscles. In the mid-1800s, William Little, an English physician, first described cerebral palsy in connection with birth injuries. Approximately 2 per 1000 individuals in the United States have cerebral palsy. Other countries have reported higher rates. Improved obstetric techniques over the past few decades have reduced the likelihood of brain injury during birth. But increased survival of premature infants, those born after only 25 to 37 weeks of pregnancy and weighing less than 2500 grams some of whom develop cerebral palsy, has kept the incidence in the United States fairly stable. From birth, a year or more may pass before the signs of cerebral palsy are recognized and diagnosed. The three most common forms of cerebral palsy are spastic, athetoid, and ataxic. An individual may exhibit a combination of these forms, called the mixed type. Spasticity occurs in about 60 percent of all individuals with cerebral palsy. Symptoms typically include reduced movement due to stiff or permanently contracted muscles. Spasticity is associated with damage to nerve fibers in the brain that carry messages for voluntary motor control. Twenty percent of individuals with cerebral palsy have the athetoid type, characterized by uncontrolled movements. This form of cerebral palsy is caused by injury to brain nerve fibers that are responsible for inhibition of muscle movement. The ataxic type of cerebral palsy is unusual, occurring in only 1 percent of cases. It results when the cerebellum, an area at the base of the brain, is injured. Since the cerebellum maintains balance and precision of body movements, affected individuals have difficulty with coordination while walking and moving the upper limbs. Although the term cerebral palsy refers primarily to problems with muscle tone and movement, other disorders may be present. Mental retardation is common but does not necessarily result in all cases. Other associated problems include epilepsy, visual disturbances, hearing impairment, language difficulty, and slow growth. Advances in diagnostic technology have led to a much better understanding of the causes of cerebral palsy. Over half of the cases are now thought to be due to prenatal causes such as an infection that spreads from the mother to the fetus, maternal stroke that prevents proper blood supply to the fetus, exposure to environmental toxins, or problems in brain development. The remaining cases are due to adverse events such as traumatic birth delivery, premature birth and its complications, meningitis, infection of the brain or its protective coverings, or head injury due to child abuse. Very rarely, heredity plays a role. In some cases, it is difficult to pinpoint a single event that may have caused cerebral palsy. Injury to the brain in individuals with cerebral palsy is permanent, and full recovery is not possible. Damaged brain tissue does not regenerate, but to some extent, normal nerve cells and nerve pathways can take over some function from injured areas, with some limitations. The degree of severity varies so greatly from case to case that it is difficult to make a general prognosis. Successful treatment of cerebral palsy requires input from a variety of professionals. Physicians address health issues such as poor eyesight or restrictions in joint motion. Physical and occupational therapists help the child develop skills necessary to the activities of daily living. Speech pathologists deal with swallowing and speech dysfunction. Psychologists and educators work with emotional or learning difficulties. Nutritionists ensure normal growth. These professionals and numerous others work together as a team with the child or adult to help the individual achieve as much independence and competence as possible. In addition, family involvement in treatment, especially with children, is an essential component. With therapy, training, and community support, most individuals with cerebral palsy can lead meaningful and productive lives. .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .postImageUrl , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:hover , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:visited , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:active { border:0!important; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:active , .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675 .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub51120caacc75d34b11121c211791675:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Argumentative EssayMany causes of cerebral palsy are preventable, especially those that occur at or after birth. Good prenatal care has been shown to minimize the likelihood of premature birth; new vaccines against Hemophilus influenzae have reduced the incidence of meningitis; and family support programs have reduced the number of cases of severe child abuse. Such preventive measures are cost-effective in that they reduce the expense of supporting individuals with cerebral palsy. Bibliography:Works CitedAaseng, Nathan. Cerebral Palsy. New York: Prentice, 1991. Crothers, Bronson. The Natural History of Cerebral Palsy.Philadelphia: Oxford, 1988. McDonald, Eugene. Treating Cerebral Palsy; For Clinicians byClinicians. Austin: Pro-ed, 1987.

Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century

In the 21st century, there has been increased need to consider current generation sustainability without limiting future generations’ capability to satisfy their needs. Different drivers compel organizations to give their sustainability reports periodically; Irja Vormedal and Audun 2006 note, â€Å"While the first wave of reporting in the 1990s was characterized by the growth of ‘pure’ environmental disclosures, companies have increasingly expanded their focus to reporting on sustainability more broadly† (Irja and Audun 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to 2005 World Summit on environment, sustainability is attained when environmental, social and economic demands of human kind have been addressed at equal portions/degrees. Irja Vormedal and Audun Ruud, further notes that one area that has taken centre stage in corporate social responsibility is steady increase in the volume and size of corporate non-financial disclosures over the past decades; when making the disclosures, firms communicate the efforts they have enacted to support sustainable development (Vormedal and Audun, 2009). This paper discusses why Australian organization should adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century. Literature review: the reasons for adopting sustainability reporting According to Irja Vormedal and Audun Ruud, 2006, in the article â€Å"Sustainability Reporting in Norway – an Assessment of Performance in the Context of Legal Demands and Socio-Political Drivers,† published in Business Strategy and the Environment journal states that the need to have sustainable reporting is driven by a number of economic and social drivers depending with the nation and the market that a company operates. Market mechanisms have affected the gr owth of ethical, social, and environmental investments, with advancement in technological knowledge and education, customers have learnt the role that organizations play on sustainability. With the information, customers through social drivers have placed pressure on organization to disclose information on their social, environmental and ethical performance from stakeholder groups. Irja Vormedal and Audun Ruud seems to have concentrated on the pressure that customers have on organizations to report their sustainable policies; according to customer relation management strategy, customers need to perceive organizations in a positive manner if they are to continue trading with them. According to Lena Geraghty, Network Manager, Focal Point Australia, Global Reporting Initiative, when organizations adopt sustainable reporting, it can be benchmarked with its peers. The writer is of the opinion that when an organization has adopted sustainable reporting, then the company becomes competitiv e among its peers.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sustainable reporting thus is a competitive tool that organizations should adopt; it focuses on developing a healthy relationship between an organization and its target customers. Customers are the backbone of an organization, any effort that is likely to improve the relationship between an organization and its customers should always be welcomed. Organizations that have attained good relationship with their customers led to customer loyalty. Good customer/organization relationship is a strong marketing and competitive tool that organizations should adopt (Slater and Glibert ,2004). Ans Kolk in the article, â€Å"Sustainability, Accountability and Corporate Governance: Exploring Multinationals’ Reporting Practices’† is of the view that global financial crisis in different parts of the globe, acc ounting and remuneration scandals, and suspicion about the social and environmental implications have exerted pressure on organizations to report their suitability levels in the efforts to develop good relationships with their target market. The writers note â€Å"Largely separate from the (more traditional) approach to accountability in the context of corporate governance, sustainability reporting has developed,† (Ans, 2008). The writer further sends light to the demand that shareholders and other stakeholders in different markets and varying regulations and governance systems have placed on multinationals in the efforts of making them compliant with sustainability reporting requirements. Ans Kolk observes that demand to report ones sustainable level is a way to make organizations accountable of their actions either in production, manufacturing, or the nature and system they use to sell commodities. When sustainable reports have been produced by organizations, it becomes eas y for the government to devise mechanisms and policies to facilitate the growth of good corporate governance and sustainable development measures (Ans, 2008). In the words of Isenmann, Christoph Welter, 2007 â€Å"Reporting makes it possible for companies to obtain in-depth information on the target groups heterogeneous information needs† (Isenmann, Christoph Welter, 2007). The writers are outlining the benefits that organizations derive when they report their sustainability accountability level. The said benefits can be beneficial to Australian organizations. How organizations approach the planning and implementation of sustainability reporting According to Perogo, P. ,2009 â€Å" An increasing number of companies disclose information about their social and environmental performance in, so-called, sustainability reports to demonstrate a commitment to corporate responsibility† (Perogo, 2009). The challenge that organizations are facing is looking at the right approac h, which they can use to report their sustainability reports.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To report effectively, there is need for some level of uniformity among organizations, industries, and nations; The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has made great progress in developing a common framework of sustainable reporting. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework seeks to address internal and external environment/matters to address issues at hand (Owen, 2006). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting advice mechanism identifies five main steps that need to be adopted when planning and implementing sustainable reporting in an organization, they are: Preparation: the stage involves undertaking an internal analysis of business processes and operations and their effect to the environment; the effect may be negative or positive. The internal analysis offers a deep insight of the business level strategy that an organization should implement. Connection: this second stage involves seeking stakeholders inputs on the best strategy that they feel would work for the benefit of the company; at this stage a draft of final report is made considering the driving parameters that will be included in the final report (Tregidga and Milne, 2006) Definition: the stage involves a further polishing of factors/parameters that have been given by management in the first stage and those that stakeholders have shown interest in the second stage. At this point the structure and direction of the report has already been shaped. Monitoring: this involves undertaking massive reports, information, and data then relating it to the level of business operation for the final report. According to GRI, organizations should ensure they have quality reporting principles to develop a concret e and reliable report. Communication: with the data and information on the main principle in stage four at hand, the management goes further and gives an account of level of sustainability of a company; the stage involves the preparation and writing of the final report and seeking the best method to communicate the same to the community (Lena, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Australian organizations that have adopted sustainability reporting Although sustainability reporting is a developing field in Australian companies, there are some companies that have already adopted the methodology, they include Abigroup Construction limited and Lend-Lease Limited (both are in the construction industry). At every end of financial year, Abigroup Construction limited ensures that alongside its financial report it has given an account of how it has affected the environment as wells as the efforts that it had undertaken to improve the operating environment. The company’s management is keen to note the changes its operations have on the operating environment may it being customers, employees, the environment, and stakeholders in general. In the company’s history of 50 years, it only made its first sustainability report in 2009 and the second one in 2010. According to David Jurd, the company has entered into various collaborations with international and dom estic companies to guide them on the way forward on sustainable reporting. Lend-Lease Limited has embraced the spirit of sustainable development reporting and ensures that all its operations looks into environmental, social, ethical and financial dimensions of the business. The company has enacted different community based activities that aims at looking into the general welfare of the society and ensuring that they have compensated for their damage of the environment. The company’s sustainability reports are posted in the internet for easy access and comparability (Perogo, 2009). Comparison and contrast of Abigroup Construction limited and Lend-Lease Limited approaches to sustainability reporting According to Abigroup Construction Limited sustainability policy, the main objective of the company is to balance growth and long term business success with social and environmental responsibilities; when making the report, the company gives an account of the efforts to promote sust ainability that it has adopted. When adopting policies, the company ensures that it has done so in light with reviews and feedbacks from stakeholders from previous year’s report. The company ensures that it has structured its reporting approach to be in line with the specifications of Global Reporting Initiative. The areas that the company look into when reporting its sustainability include people/leadership, the society, business, our people and the environment (Sinclair and Walton, 2003). On the other hand, sustainability policy is aimed at ensuring that environmental, social, ethical and financial impacts of every decision we made has been analyzed. The approach aims at doing business in a way that would not have a negative impact on the people or the company. According to the company’s sustainability reporting approach, the company enacts into some projects that range from independently green-rated buildings to creating long-term job opportunities for local communi ties, construction of the so called â€Å"green houses†, constructing carbon-zero, and enacting the benchmarks of sustainable reporting that can be adopted internationally (Solomon and Lewis, 2002). The main similarity between Abigroup Construction limited and Lend-Lease Limited is that both encompass the concept of stewardship in sustainable development. Both companies are guided by frameworks set out by The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI); when preparing current period sustainability reports, the companies’ business leaders review responses/feedbacks by stakeholders on the previous report. References Ans, K. ,2008. Sustainability, Accountability and Corporate Governance: Exploring Multinationals’ Reporting Practices. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2(1), pp. 18, 1–15. Lena, G. ,2009. Sustainability reporting— measure to manage, manage to change. Key Issues Applied Corporate Governance, 1(2),pp. 135-145. Owen, D. ,2006. Emerging issues in sustainability reporting. Business Strategy and the Environment ,15(1),pp. 217–218. Perogo, P. ,2009. Causes and Consequences of Choosing Different Assurance Providers: An International Study of Sustainability Reporting. International Journal of Management, 26 (3),pp. 412-425. Sinclair, P. and Walton, J., 2003. Environmental reporting within the forest and paper industry. Business Strategy and the Environment 12(1),pp. 326–337. Slater, A. and Glibert, S. ,2004. The evolution of business reporting: make room for sustainability disclosure. Environmental Quality Management, 2(1),pp. 41–48. Solomon, A. and Lewis, L. ,2002. Incentives and disincentives for corporate environmental disclosure. Business Strategy and the Environment, 11(2),pp. 154–169. Isenmann, R., Christoph, B., Welter, M. ,2007. Online Reporting for Sustainability Issues. Business Strategy and the Environment, 16(1),pp. 487–501. Tregidga, H. and Milne, M. J. ,2006. From sustainable mana gement to sustainable development: a longitudinal analysis of a leading New Zealand environmental reporter. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15(1),pp. 219–241. Vormedal, I. and Audun, R.,2009. Sustainability Reporting in Norway – an Assessment of Performance in the Context of Legal Demands and Socio-Political Drivers. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18(1), pp. 207–222. This research paper on Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century was written and submitted by user Emelia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.